ABSTRACT
Objectives: To determine the impact of missing teeth on the level of Oral Health Related Quality of Life [OHRQoL]in subjects reporting at a teaching dental hospital
Method:Using a structured Performa incorporating the 12-item General Oral Health Assessment Index [GOHAI] Questionnaire, and a consecutive [non-probability] sampling technique, data relating to 182 subjects fulfilling the study inclusion and exclusion criteria were collected using the method of interview and examination.Subjects responses to each of the 12 items of the GOHAI questionnaire were recorded to determine the impact of missing teeth on OHRQoL. Each of the GOHAI item had a maximum score of 5 thus giving a total of 60 as the maximum score. A high score of GOHAI indicated better ORHRQoL. The ORHRQol of subject was taken as good when the GOHAI score ranged 57-60, average when 51-56and poor when
Results: Subjects had a mean age of 35.6 +/- 5.8 [S. Dev] with males as 50.5% compared to females [49.5%]. The mean GOHAI score for all the subjects was 48.4 +/- 8.2 as compared to the mean GOHAI score of 48.4 +/- 8.2 for males and 47.6 +/- 8.3 for females. The ORHRQoL was good in only 27%. A high proportion of subjects [53%] had poor OHRQoL. The number and the frontal location of the missing teeth adversely impacted OHRQoL. Missing maxillary anterior teeth had the most negative effect on OHRQoL. Missing mandibular first molar was the most common missing tooth either alone or in combination with other missing teeth among the subjects studied. The most important GOHAI items contributing to the adverse impact on the OHRQoL of the majority of subjects with some missing teeth were;often worried/concerned about dental problems and never having been pleased or happy with the look of their teeth and gum
Conclusion: The adverse effect of missing teeth on OHRQoL was substantial necessitating the importance of preventing the condition of missing teeth or restoring when missing and maintaining the oral health of subjects
ABSTRACT
Microwave and conventional techniques were employed to synthesize a novel array of compounds 7a-g with 1, 2, 4-triazole and piperidine rings having great biological importance. The microwave assisted method has a better operational scope with respect to time and yield comparative to the conventional method. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and IR techniques were employed to justify the structure of synthesized compounds. The antioxidant, butyrylcholinesterase inhibition and urease inhibition potential of every synthesized compound was evaluated. Every member of the synthesized series was found potent against mentioned activities. Compound 7g was the most active anti-urease agent having IC50 [microM] value 16.5 +/- 0.09 even better than the thiourea with an IC50 [microM] value of 24.3 +/- 0.24. The better urease inhibition potential of 7g was also elaborated and explained by docking and bovine serum albumin [BSA] binding studies
ABSTRACT
Aims: The present study was conducted with a view to develop an efficient protocol for high frequency plant regeneration of Brassica campestris for further crop improvement program by biotechnological manipulation and to optimize this system for regeneration of a number of B. campestris genotypes. Study Design: Completely Randomized Design. Place and Duration of Study: This experiment was carried out in the Genetic Engineering Laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh during the period of July 2013 to June 2014. Methodology: Cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of B. campestris cv. BARI sarisha-12 were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for callus initiation and shoot regeneration. Later on subsequent subculturing is done for shoot elongation and multiplication. MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of NAA were used for root formation. Results: From a total of 15 different combinations of BAP and NAA tested, the combination of 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA gave the highest frequency of callus initiation (94.44%) as well as shoot regeneration (63.89%) in case of cotyledon explants where as hypocotyl explants showed 47.62% callus initiation and 19.04% shoot regeneration frequency. Four days old cotyledon explants showed the highest shoot regeneration frequency (72.22%) and higher number of shoots per explant (3.94) than those from older seedling. The shoot regeneration frequency markedly enhanced to 83.33% by the addition of 2.0 mg L-1 AgNO3 to the MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and this combination also showed the maximum number of shoots per explant (6.86). Shoot regeneration potentiality of five B. campestris genotypes were investigated and indicated that this system would be widely applicable to all the genotypes. The regenerated shoots were easily rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg L-1 NAA and the whole plants were transferred to pot soils and grown to maturity. Conclusion: MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and 2.0 mg L-1 AgNO3 is more efficient for multiple shoot regeneration by using cotyledon explants and it may be utilized for In vitro improvement program of B. campestris.
ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the IOP lowering of topical diltiazim which is a calcium channel blocker
Study Design: Observational / descriptive study
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology, Khyber medical college Peshawar, KPK-Pakistan from November 2015 to February 2016
Materials and Methods: 40 healthy rabbits of a local strain weighing 1.50 to 2.00 kgs were obtained and kept at the animal house of the department of pharmacology, BMC Bannu. The study was conducted on both eyes of conscious rabbits. Three sets namely X, Y and Z were made. Topical diltiazim was injected to set X[made ocular hypertensive and glaucomatous through weekly injecting sub-conjunctival betamethasone suspension]. Ocular hypertensive control set Y was also established which gotsynthetic tears for a period of 28 days through the whole project. SetZ received no treatment during research and it act as normotensive control
Results: Our results indicated that topical diltiazim can reduce the intraocular pressure very efficiently and quickly. Topical diltiazim wielded IOP reducing outcome in a much transitory time retro. Marvelous animal's survival was also related to it
Conclusion: In future, topical diltiazim might be incorporated as a substitute anti-glaucoma drug in order to manageoptical hypertensive crisis, provided its safety in human
ABSTRACT
Background: Central Nervous System [CNS] tumors include brain and spinal cord tumors, where as metastatic tumors are extradural usually
Objective: To know the histopathological pattern of central nervous system tumors reported in Pathology Department Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar. Pakistan
Methodology: Study Design: Descriptive case series. Setting: Pathology department, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. Pakistan. Duration: Six years, study from 1[st] January, 2008 to 31[st] December, 2012. Sample Technique: Convenient [non-probability] sampling. Central Nervous System [CNS] biopsy specimen were received in 10% formalin, labeled, gross performed, sections processed in alcohol, xyelen, wax, block prepared, freezed, microtome sections taken and processed for H and E staining, mounted and reported by Histopathologist. The inclusion criteria was any sufficient CNS biopsy specimen of any age, where as the exclusion criteria was insufficient and autolysed biopsy specimen. A minimum of three and maximum of eight 5 micron thick sections were taken from each specimen. Data was entered in SPSS version 15 and analyzed
Results: A total of 106 biopsy specimens were received in pathology laboratory with age range of 09 to 70 years, mean age was 37 +/- 15.18 years. Male to female ratio was 1.55:1. Astrocytoma was the commonest tumor 49 [48%] cases followed by meningioma 22 [21.%] cases and oligodendroglioma 6 [5.6%] cases. Amongst the 49 cases of Astrocytoma the age range was 10 to 66 years with mean age of 37 + 15.93. Male to female ratio was 1.72: 1. Grade I,II,III and IV were 7[14.2%],15[30.3%], 9[19.5%] and were 18 [36.6%] respectively. Amongst the 22 cases of meningiomas age range was 22 to 65 years, 20 [90.9%] cases were grade I meningionas and 2[9.9%] cases were of atypical meningiomas
Conclusion: Astrocytoma is the most common tumor of the central nervous system followed by meningioma and oligodendroglioma
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Tertiary Care Centers , Astrocytoma , Oligodendroglioma , Meningioma , MedulloblastomaABSTRACT
Cigarette smoking habit is mostly acquired during college and later it becomes an addiction leading to high morbidity and premature death. To determine the pattern of cigarette smoking among college students of Mardan and factors that encourages its use. Cross-sectional study, done in 2014 in seven colleges of Mardan over 3 months period. All students were encouraged to participate and fill the questionnaire. The data on smoking pattern, contributing factors to the habit, peak time/ places of smoking, sources of hazards awareness, and number of cigarettes smoked per day, reasons for smoking, not smoking and quitting were collected through a pre-tested questionnaire. The data were entered in the computer and analyzed using means and percentages. A total of 954 students returned the filled questionnaire. Their ages ranged between 17 and 24 years with male to female ratio of 5:1. Out of the total, 31.2% were smokers, 2.2% ex-smokers and 66.6% non-smokers. The habit was found more common in students whose fathers or brothers were smokers and many students acquired this habit for charm and relaxation. Most smokers consumed less than 10 cigarettes per day. No female student was a smoker or ex- smoker. Significantly less smoking [p < 0.05] was observed in one institute as compared to other six institutes because of strict discipline. Most of the smokers started smoking after entry in the college life. Smoking was more in boarding students, those whose mothers were working and those living in the urban areas. Non-smokers and ex-smokers avoided cigarettes either due to family pressure, religion or its adverse effects on health. Females had significantly [p < 0.05] more knowledge about tobacco hazards as compared to males and most students mentioned that doctors were their main source of awareness. Ahnost 31.2% students in various colleges of Mardan were smokers. Smoking was not seen in female students. Most boys [68%] started smoking when they entered the college [first year]. Health awareness, family support, religious knowledge and strict discipline in the colleges were the main reasons to not to smoke or quit smoking
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Tobacco Products , Students , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
To determine the etiology and pattern of swellings in the mandible and maxilla. A descriptive study. This study was conducted at Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dept, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry Rawalpindi for two years from December 2004 to December 2006. Three hundred and fifty patients with swellings in the jaws reporting to AFID were included in this study. After history, clinical examination and radiographic evaluation, patients were registered. All patients whether admitted to hospital or treated as outdoor patients in oral surgery clinic were included. Swelling of the parotid region, nasal and para nasal sinuses and neck were not included. In majority 131 [37.42%] the patients were of age between 21 to 30 years [mean 25.5 years]. Males were affected more than females with ratio 1.3:1. The most common swellings found were inflammatory which accounted for 138 cases [39.42%] due to odontogenic reasons i.e. caries and non vital teeth. The most frequent site involved was mandible which accounted for 202 cases [57.71%]. In 111 cases [31.71%] the treatment modality used was incision and drainage followed by antibiotics. Caries and non-vital teeth were cause of the most common inflammatory swellings. The predominant site of swellings was the mandible. Every person must visit a dentist for oral examination six monthly so that early lesions in mandible and maxilla can be detected and treated more conservatively
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Mandibular Neoplasms/etiology , Maxillary Neoplasms/etiology , Maxilla/abnormalities , Mandible/abnormalities , Dental Caries , Odontogenic Cysts , Odontogenic TumorsABSTRACT
HBV and HCV are common health problems in developing countries like Pakistan, sharing the same mode of transmission. The purpose is to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV, and its risk factors in Bannu. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in medical units of DHQTH, Bannu, from January, 2004 till December, 2008. A total of 25944 patients comprising 13953 males [53.7%] and 11991 females [46.3%] all above the age of 15 years, were screened for HBV and HCV by rapid method and confirmed by ELISA technique. Out of those, 1352 [5.2%] patients were found positive either for HBV or HCV, 502 [1.93%] patients for HBV, whereas 850 [3.27%] patients for HCV. Non of the patients were found positive for both HBV and HCV. Nine hundred and five [67.0%] were males and 447, [33.0%] were females. Average age was 35-55 years. Keeping in mind the above mentioned results, the most important goal to be achieved is to increase the literacy rate and awareness among people about HBV and HCV so that it endeminity could be controlled
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Hospitals, Teaching , Cross-Sectional Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayABSTRACT
Tuberculosis is a disease of poor countries. In the recent years, there has been an increase in the occurrence of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis [EPTB] world over. As very little data is available regarding the situation of EPTB in NWFP, this study was conducted to asses its frequency in various organ systems of the body and to evaluate the role of demographic factors like sex and age in its causation. A total of 525 cases of EPTB diagnosed histopathologically in the Department of Pathology, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar in the years 2002-2005 were included in the study. Age, sex and sites of biopsies were recorded. High female preponderance was noted with a M:F ratio of 1:2. Mean age was 35 years and 70% of the patients were in the age group 15-45 years. Lymph nodes were the most common site of EPTB, involved in 66.4% of the cases. EPTB has high rates in females in their reproductive age. Tuberculous lymphadenitis is the most common form of EPTB. High occurrence of EPTB in female population needs immediate attention of tuberculosis control programs